CCR9: 趨化因子受體家族成員,眾多腫瘤研究的新興靶點(diǎn)!
日期:2024-01-19 11:26:22
越來(lái)越多的研究指出,趨化因子受體作為G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體的一類(lèi),與趨化因子相互作用,不僅在機(jī)體正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中起作用,還參與炎癥反應(yīng)、免疫及癌癥等多種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。當(dāng)前,一些熱門(mén)的趨化因子受體在臨床研究中被廣泛關(guān)注,諸如CXCR2、CXCR4、CXCR5、CCR5、CCR6、CCR7、CCR8、CCR10等等。隨著研究的廣泛深入,更多新的趨化因子及受體被發(fā)現(xiàn),CC族趨化因子受體9(CCR9),同樣作為7次跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)的趨化因子受體G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,在調(diào)節(jié)人體免疫細(xì)胞發(fā)生發(fā)展、分化,以及引導(dǎo)白細(xì)胞的定向遷移等生理調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮作用。近期,對(duì)CC族趨化因子受體9的研究逐漸成為腫瘤領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)之一。今天讓我們一起了解下趨化因子受體CCR9!
1. 什么是CCR9?
1.1 CCR9的結(jié)構(gòu)
CC族趨化因子受體9(CC chemokine receptor 9,CCR9)屬于趨化因子受體家族中的一員,是具有7次跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體。趨化因子受體家族是一類(lèi)重要的細(xì)胞表面受體,與趨化因子結(jié)合后可以調(diào)控細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)、分化、增殖等多種功能。趨化因子受體可分為四個(gè)亞家族,分別是CC、CXC、CX3C和C型。其中CCR9屬于CC亞家族(點(diǎn)擊查看趨化因子家族介紹)。CCR9由轉(zhuǎn)錄物A(369個(gè)氨基酸,42 kDa)和轉(zhuǎn)錄物B(357個(gè)氨基酸,40.8 kDa)組成,由于其與CCR6和CCR7在結(jié)構(gòu)和序列上相似,因而被重新命名為CCR9。CCR9發(fā)揮生理學(xué)功能的區(qū)域主要是由65~317個(gè)氨基酸組成的7次跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1) [1-3]。

圖1. CCR9分子結(jié)構(gòu) [1]
1.2 CCR9的表達(dá)和功能
CCR9主要表達(dá)于未成熟胸腺細(xì)胞、外周血CD8+T、部分樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞及小腸內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,可調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境平衡。受體CCR9與配體CCL25相互作用介導(dǎo)胸腺發(fā)育過(guò)程中未成熟細(xì)胞的遷移以及腸道相關(guān)免疫細(xì)胞的歸巢。研究顯示CCR9在多種疾病中扮演關(guān)鍵角色,如炎癥性腸病、急性肝炎、類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎。此外,大量證據(jù)表明CCR9在多種惡性腫瘤中異常高表達(dá),這種高表達(dá)往往與腫瘤的耐藥、轉(zhuǎn)移及不良預(yù)后相關(guān),提示CCR9可能參與了多種與腫瘤進(jìn)展相關(guān)的生物學(xué)活動(dòng),包括結(jié)腸癌、黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌等 [1-6]。
2. 什么是CCR9的配體?
CCR9的特定配體是胸腺表達(dá)趨化因子(Thymus Expressed Chemokine,TECK)/CCL25。CCL25位于19號(hào)染色體p13.2,屬于CC趨化因子家族。它由150個(gè)氨基酸組成,其中端的23個(gè)氨基酸為信號(hào)肽。CCL25主要表達(dá)于胸腺和小腸上皮細(xì)胞,還可少量表達(dá)于睪丸、腦組織、肝臟和活化的proT細(xì)胞。隨著腫瘤分子生物的深入研究,CCR9及其唯一的天然趨化因子配體CCL25在腫瘤中的調(diào)控作用逐漸被揭露 [7-10]。
研究數(shù)據(jù)表明血清CCL25與MMP-9、VEGF-D和AKT均高度相關(guān),提示PI3K/AKT通路激活及其下游的效應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子(VEGF-D和MMP-9)的表達(dá)有可能受CCR9/CCL25生物軸調(diào)節(jié)。此外,放線菌酮(cycloheximide,CHX)誘導(dǎo)的MOLT4細(xì)胞凋亡可被CCR9/CCL25信號(hào)通路抑制。CCL25與CCR9結(jié)合后,可啟動(dòng)下游信號(hào)通路,活化PI3K并進(jìn)一步磷酸化AKT。AKT的激活可促進(jìn)Bad、GSK-3 β等多種參與細(xì)胞存活的信號(hào)分子的活化,從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生存。因此,CCR9和配體CCL25有可能成為癌癥研究的靶向分子 [7-10]。
3. CCR9/CCL25在腫瘤中的信號(hào)調(diào)控機(jī)制
3.1 CCR9/CCL25和PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路
PI3K-Akt信號(hào)通路是細(xì)胞內(nèi)重要的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑之一,大量研究表明,PI3K-Akt信號(hào)通路與多種人類(lèi)腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及惡性進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。該通路受腫瘤相關(guān)基因PTEN、CTMP、SHLP2等內(nèi)源性負(fù)調(diào)控。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR9/CCL25生物軸能夠激活PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路。研究指出CCR9/CCL25激活PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路參與非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞的抗凋亡過(guò)程,調(diào)節(jié)前列腺細(xì)胞的抗凋亡機(jī)制,并且抑制化療藥物依托泊苷(Etoposide)誘導(dǎo)的前列腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡。在乳腺癌和卵巢癌的研究中,CCR9/CCL25相互作用也抑制了化療藥物誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。這些研究提示,CCR9/CCL25可能通過(guò)PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡(圖2) [1, 11-13]。

圖2. CCR9/CCL25和PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路 [1]
3.2 CCR9/CCL25和JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路
JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路是一條快速、高效的從細(xì)胞外到細(xì)胞核的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),JAK/STAT通路的激活,特別是STAT3的激活,對(duì)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、增殖和轉(zhuǎn)化具有重要影響。T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫治療是一種有效的腫瘤治療手段,但其主要限制是體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生抗腫瘤細(xì)胞毒性作用的能力較弱。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CCR9通過(guò)STAT信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)CCR9削弱細(xì)胞毒性效應(yīng)作用。而抑制體內(nèi)CCR9表達(dá)可以顯著改善腫瘤特異性T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)免疫治療的效果。因此,進(jìn)一步研究CCR9/CCL25與JAK/STAT信號(hào)通路之間的關(guān)系,對(duì)于探索新的腫瘤免疫研究方法具有重要意義 [6, 14-15]。
4. CCR9在腫瘤中的相關(guān)研究
在惡性腫瘤中,趨化因子與其受體結(jié)合參與疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的所有階段,包括淋巴細(xì)胞募集、新血管生成、腫瘤增殖、存活以及腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。大量的研究證明,CCR9和CCL25在多種癌癥中高度表達(dá),在腫瘤的侵襲、遷移、耐藥和抗調(diào)亡中發(fā)揮著重要作用,是一個(gè)潛在的腫瘤靶向研究突破點(diǎn)。
4.1 CCR9和T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病研究
在T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病中,CCR9在急性T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(TALL)和慢性T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(TCLL)的CD4+陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),但在正常CD4+陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)。這可能與細(xì)胞增殖、存活以及逃避調(diào)控相關(guān)。研究指出,CCR9和CCL25的相互作用會(huì)影響叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(FKHR)和糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)的活化,從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)通路,抑制惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡 [16-17]。
另外,CCR9-CCL25在不同類(lèi)型的T淋巴細(xì)胞中表現(xiàn)出不同作用,對(duì)CD4+CD8+雙陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞促進(jìn)細(xì)胞發(fā)育和穩(wěn)態(tài)維持,而對(duì)TALL CD4+陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞,則促進(jìn)細(xì)胞異常增殖和抑制凋亡 [17]。此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR9可能通過(guò)Notch1信號(hào)途徑調(diào)節(jié)白血病細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)機(jī)制,而CCL25可能通過(guò)調(diào)控凋亡抑制蛋白Livin的水平影響白血病T淋巴細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和凋亡 [18]。
4.2 CCR9和結(jié)腸癌研究
CCL25在小腸和結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞中高度表達(dá)。它與CCR9陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞結(jié)合后,促使這些細(xì)胞進(jìn)行定向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。因此,在消化系統(tǒng)中,CCR9-CCL25生物軸起著重要作用。結(jié)直腸癌研究表明,CCR9在腺癌和侵襲前結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞中顯著高于侵襲性和轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌。盡管存在細(xì)胞表達(dá)狀態(tài)未完全驗(yàn)證的情況,但已確定CCR9在結(jié)直腸癌中高表達(dá)。體外研究也證實(shí),CCR9-CCL25軸能夠顯著促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。因此,目前研究顯示CCR9/CL25在結(jié)腸癌中高表達(dá),與該癌癥的發(fā)展和侵襲過(guò)程密切相關(guān) [9, 19]。
4.3 CCR9和前列腺癌研究
CCR9/CCL25在前列腺癌中的研究較早,CCR9在前列腺淋巴結(jié)癌細(xì)胞系、前列腺癌細(xì)胞系和正常前列腺上皮細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)呈遞減梯度分布,其中在前列腺淋巴結(jié)癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)量最高。提示CCR9/CCL25生物軸與前列腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切。此外,CCR9/CCL25相互作用調(diào)節(jié)抗凋亡信號(hào)蛋白的活性,在CCL25存在的環(huán)境中,依托泊苷誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡被顯著抑制,使用CCR9拮抗劑阻斷CCR9/CCL25途徑后,這種抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的作用被消除。因此,CCR9的高表達(dá)與前列腺腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲有關(guān),抑制CCR9/CCL25的相互作用,可有效降低前列腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力 [20-21]。
4.4 CCR9和卵巢癌研究
研究通過(guò)組織芯片結(jié)合免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)上皮性卵巢癌組織中CCR9表達(dá)情況,并分析其與患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),較正常卵巢組織比較,CCR9和CCL25在上皮性卵巢癌中高表達(dá),且與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽(yáng)性、組織學(xué)分級(jí)和臨床分期關(guān)系密切。CCR9在卵巢癌組織中高表達(dá),并且這種高表達(dá)與卵巢癌的組織學(xué)亞型有關(guān),這說(shuō)明CCR9/CCL25可能與參與了卵巢癌的進(jìn)展。進(jìn)一步的體外細(xì)胞研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR9-CCL25相互作用在卵巢癌細(xì)胞的侵襲、遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)中發(fā)揮重要的促進(jìn)作用 [22-23]。
4.5 CCR9和乳腺癌研究
在乳腺癌中,CCR9在腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)明顯高于癌旁正常組織,并且低分化腫瘤組織中的CCR9表達(dá)最為明顯。CCR9/CCL25為乳腺腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)提供了優(yōu)勢(shì)環(huán)境,并通過(guò)PI3K/Akt依賴(lài)的方式使腫瘤對(duì)順鉑(Cisplatin)產(chǎn)生耐藥性。在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中還發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR9的表達(dá)與腫瘤的侵襲性有關(guān):高侵襲性乳腺癌細(xì)胞株CCR9高表達(dá),低侵襲性乳腺癌細(xì)胞株CCR9顯著減低。Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,CCR9-CCL25促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移。因此,CCR9/CCL25生物軸在乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮的作用與結(jié)腸癌及卵巢癌相似 [24-26]。
4.6 CCR9和胰腺癌研究
體外細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)表明趨化因子受體CCR9及其配體CCL25結(jié)合,明顯促進(jìn)腺上皮內(nèi)瘤和胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。CCR9在胰腺癌組織中表達(dá),胰腺癌細(xì)胞可分泌CCL25,CCL25分泌的增加可激活CCR9的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)胰腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲。CCR9和CCL25在胰腺癌引流淋巴結(jié)、胰腺癌組織和良性病變組織中的表達(dá)呈梯度分布,引流淋巴結(jié)中的表達(dá)量最高。胰腺癌中CCR9-CCL25與胰腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),且與胰腺癌腫瘤細(xì)胞分化程度和TNM分期相關(guān)。研究者認(rèn)為CCR9可能成為胰腺癌綜合治療研究的新突破口 [27-28]。
4.7 CCR9和肺腺癌研究
肺腺癌中CCR9和ALDH1A1高表達(dá),與遠(yuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移和不良預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。ALDH1A1高表達(dá)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移是影響肺腺癌總生存期的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CCR9和ALDH1A1在肺腺癌中的表達(dá)存在正相關(guān),ALDH high細(xì)胞中CCR9的表達(dá)明顯增高,CCR9/CCL25信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路能明顯促進(jìn)肺腺癌腫瘤干細(xì)胞(Cancer stem cells,CSCs)的遷移和侵襲。通過(guò)該研究,揭示了肺腺癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和不良預(yù)后的新機(jī)制,也為CCR9/CCL25用作肺腺癌治療研究的新靶標(biāo)提供了證據(jù) [29-30]。
4.8 CCR9和非小細(xì)胞肺癌研究
對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC,non-small cell lung cancer)組織和癌旁組織CCR9的表達(dá)進(jìn)行檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR9高表達(dá)于NSCLC組織中,在對(duì)NSCLC細(xì)胞系NCI-H157細(xì)胞的檢測(cè)中得到同樣的結(jié)果,而CCR9在正常人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞BEAS-2B上未檢測(cè)到表達(dá)。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)同樣證實(shí),CCR9-CCL25對(duì)在NSCLC細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力上有重要作用。因此,目前的研究可以確定的是,CCR9/CCL25在NSCLC中高表達(dá),與NSCLC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等有關(guān),但是其作用分子仍未見(jiàn)報(bào)道,還需要進(jìn)一步研究 [31-34]。
4.9 CCR9和肝癌研究
采用免疫組化方法檢測(cè)出CCR9在肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)組織樣本中顯著升高,并與HCC患者的預(yù)后相關(guān),CCR9表達(dá)與HCC患者的OS成反比,可作為HCC患者OS獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR9的高表達(dá)預(yù)后差的原因主要是由于CCR9表達(dá)通過(guò)下調(diào)細(xì)胞周期調(diào)節(jié)因子p21,p27和上調(diào)細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,從而增強(qiáng)了HCC的增殖和致瘤性的原因所導(dǎo)致的,因此CCR9可作為HCC的新型預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。但目前CCR9/CCL25在肝癌領(lǐng)域的研究較少,仍需進(jìn)一步系統(tǒng)性的研究 [35]。
4.10 CCR9和黑色素瘤研究
CCR9在黑色素瘤小腸轉(zhuǎn)移灶、黑色素瘤細(xì)胞和由轉(zhuǎn)移灶分離建立的細(xì)胞株中均高表達(dá),研究者認(rèn)為CCR9可能在黑色素瘤細(xì)胞小腸轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中起到關(guān)鍵的作用。此外,轉(zhuǎn)移到腸道的黑色素瘤可檢測(cè)到CCR9的表達(dá),轉(zhuǎn)移到其他器官的細(xì)胞則不表達(dá)CCR9,這說(shuō)明高表達(dá)CCR9的黑色素瘤可特異性轉(zhuǎn)移至小腸。體外Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)CCR9/CCL25生物軸的作用下,黑色素瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力明顯增強(qiáng),而當(dāng)CCR9/CCL25生物軸被anti-CCR9抗體或CCR9的RNA干擾技術(shù)破壞后,其促進(jìn)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力的作用被顯著削減 [36-40]。
5. CCR9的臨床藥物研究前景
目前已有7種針對(duì)CCR9的藥物研究,包括SRB1、NR11/1943 (Norgine)、OB-003、CCX-025、MLN-3126、Vercirnon Sodium和CCX-5072。這些藥物通過(guò)拮抗CCR9的作用機(jī)制,阻斷其與CCL25配體的結(jié)合,從而抑制CCR9調(diào)控的T細(xì)胞遷移和活化。這些藥物研究適應(yīng)癥范圍廣泛,覆蓋炎癥性腸病、腫瘤和其他消化系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)、眼部、口頜等多種疾病。不同藥物的研發(fā)階段不一,部分已進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn)。這些藥物大多是小分子化合物,包括一種抗體,研究機(jī)構(gòu)有Sunrock Biopharma SL、Norgine Ltd.、Orion Biotechnology Canada Ltd.等。近年來(lái)的研究揭示趨化因子家族在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的重要作用,CCR9作為趨化因子受體成員之一,不僅可作為預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤預(yù)后的指標(biāo),而且靶向CCR9或者阻斷CCL25/CCR9軸的藥物對(duì)腫瘤的臨床研究提供了新的視角。當(dāng)然,未來(lái)需要更多的研究為CCR9靶向研究提供藥理基礎(chǔ)。
為鼎力協(xié)助各藥企針對(duì)CCR9在炎癥性和多種腫瘤在臨床中的研究,華美CUSABIO推出CCR9活性蛋白(CSB-MP004845HU)和抗體(CSB-RA004845MA1HU)產(chǎn)品,助力您在CCR9機(jī)制方面的研究或其潛在臨床價(jià)值的探索。
華美 CUSABIO CCR9 蛋白
● Recombinant Human C-C chemokine receptor type 9 (CCR9)-VLPs (Active) Code: CSB-MP004848HU

CSB-MP004848HU is detected by Mouse anti-6*His monoclonal antibody. The purity of VLPs was greater than 95% as determined by SEC-HPLC.

Immobilized Human CCR9 at 10μg/mL can bind Anti-CCR9 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA004848MA1HU). The EC50 is 31.67-36.83 ng/mL.The VLPs (The VLPs (CSB-MP3838) is negative control.
● Recombinant Human Atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2) (Active) Code: CSB-CF004618HU

(Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Immobilized ACKR2 at 1 μg/ml can bind human CCL2. The EC50 of human CCL2 protein is 23.52-30.99 μg/ml.
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