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CXCR4:G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體(GPCR)家族,再出腫瘤免疫治療新藥!

日期:2022-02-28 10:17:51

2022年1月18日,趨化因子受體CXCR4拮抗劑Motixafortide,進(jìn)行了新藥上市申請(qǐng)前(pre-NDA)會(huì)議,藥物開發(fā)公司BioLineRx表示,計(jì)劃今年上半年遞交NDA。目前,CXCR4拮抗劑已有多款在研,按研究進(jìn)度,Motixafortide有望率先獲批,成為繼普樂沙福(Plerixafor)之后獲批的第二款CXCR4拮抗劑,用于乳腺癌治療。

人體中,不同趨化因子受體-配體軸的相互作用構(gòu)成了復(fù)雜的趨化因子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),對(duì)自身免疫和癌癥等疾病方面有著重要影響。近年來,隨著對(duì)趨化因子受體結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)制的深入理解,更多趨化因子受體相關(guān)抗體類藥物也步入臨床。CXCR4作為具有代表性的G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體(GPCR)一員,在介導(dǎo)腫瘤定向遷移、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,多項(xiàng)CXCR4開發(fā)藥物在臨床治療中表現(xiàn)出巨大的潛力,這些藥物將為腫瘤免疫治療開辟一條新的途徑。

什么是CXCR4?

趨化因子受體(C X C chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)是一個(gè)具有7次跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)的G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體(G Protein-Coupled Receptor,GPCR),由352個(gè)氨基酸組成,其編碼基因位于染色體2q21 [1-2]。CXCR4作為GPCR家族中的一員,GPCR的超家族群已經(jīng)被證明是許多藥物的藥理作用靶點(diǎn)(點(diǎn)擊查看GPCR抗體藥物研究進(jìn)展大盤點(diǎn))。CXCR4在體內(nèi)大部分組織和器官上都有表達(dá),包括骨髓、臍血和動(dòng)員的外周血來源的細(xì)胞表面,以及多種非造血干細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移到特定器官是不同器官通過趨化作用吸引特定類型腫瘤細(xì)胞歸巢的結(jié)果。在眾多的趨化因子受體中,CXCR4在許多腫瘤中都存在表達(dá)增強(qiáng)。目前的研究表明,與趨化因子受體CXCR4相關(guān)的癌癥超過23種,它還能促進(jìn)血管生成,細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移、生長(zhǎng)或生存 [3]。此外,還參與HIV病毒感染 [4]。這些生物學(xué)功能決定了CXCR4靶向藥可用于腫瘤、造血干細(xì)胞動(dòng)員、HIV等疾病的治療。

CXCR4的配體

趨化因子CXCL12(又稱SDF-1,基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子1)是CXCR4的唯一配體,屬于CXC趨化因子家族成員,分子量約為8 kD。CXCL12包含α和β兩個(gè)異構(gòu)體,由骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞及其他相關(guān)的間皮細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞分泌 [5]。CXCR4作為CXCL12行使功能的唯一跨膜受體,組成的CXCR4/CXCL12軸參與諸多生物學(xué)過程,包括①腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移、增殖、黏附以及血管新生多種機(jī)制;②介導(dǎo)造血干細(xì)胞的動(dòng)員與歸巢,與趨化干細(xì)胞靶向受損組織、擴(kuò)大旁分泌和促進(jìn)血管新生有關(guān);③調(diào)節(jié)成熟B細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞和樹突狀細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng),與機(jī)體的免疫功能有著密切的關(guān)系 [3, 6]。因此,CXCR4通過結(jié)合CXCL12,在介導(dǎo)免疫及炎癥反應(yīng)、調(diào)控造血、誘導(dǎo)血管生成、腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移等多種生理和病理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。

CXCR4的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制

CXCR4與其配體CXCL12特異性結(jié)合,可激活下游一系列細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和效應(yīng)分子,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞存活、增殖、遷移和粘附等生物學(xué)行為。如圖1,在腫瘤中,CXCR4-CXCL12參與激活多種促癌調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤增殖、抑制癌細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)移,包括RAS-MAPK-MEK1/2 [7]、ERK1/2 [8]、PI3K-AKT [9]NF-kB [10]等信號(hào)通路。

以PI3K-AKT為例子,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在胃癌細(xì)胞中,CXCL12-CXCR4生物軸激活PI3K/Akt途徑得以促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、浸潤(rùn)及轉(zhuǎn)移,其機(jī)制具體如下:高表達(dá)的CXCL12-CXCR4軸可使PI3Kγ活化,通過與磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶γ(phos-photidylionsitol 3-kinasseγ,PI3Kγ)的調(diào)節(jié)亞基相結(jié)合,進(jìn)而激活 PI3Kγ的下游的信號(hào)分子,如核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)、蛋白激酶 B(protein kinase B,PKB),細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2(extracellular regulated protein kinase1/2,ERK1/2)和有絲分裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)等的表達(dá) [11, 12]。

CXCR4/CXCL12在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的信號(hào)通路

圖1. CXCR4/CXCL12在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的信號(hào)通路

CXCR4在腫瘤等疾病中的作用

CXCR4作為腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)最為普遍的趨化因子受體,與多種腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),包括乳腺癌 [13]、卵巢癌 [14]、肺癌 [15]、結(jié)腸直腸癌 [16]、原發(fā)性腦腫瘤(如膠質(zhì)瘤)[17]、胰腺癌 [18]、前列腺癌 [19]、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(MM) [20]、急性髓系白血?。ˋML) [21]、慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。–LL) [22]、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL) [23]等等。

在血液腫瘤方面,CXCR4與多種血液腫瘤疾病具有無可爭(zhēng)議的臨床相關(guān)性。首個(gè)CXCR4拮抗劑普樂沙福(Plerixafor)于2008年在歐美獲批,2018年引進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)。目前,Plerixafor可聯(lián)合G-CSF用于接受自體造血干細(xì)胞移植(ASCT)的NHL和MM患者造血干細(xì)胞動(dòng)員。多項(xiàng)CXCR4靶向抑制劑也正在展開研究,一種抗CXCR4抗體ulocuplumab(BMS-936564)的Ib/II期試驗(yàn)(NCT01359657)證實(shí),阻斷CXCR4-CXCL12與來那度胺和地塞米松聯(lián)合治療復(fù)發(fā)性或難治性骨髓瘤患者,具有較高的應(yīng)答率。此外,人源化CXCR4抗體PF-06747143在包括NHL、AML和MM在內(nèi)的多種血液腫瘤模型中顯示出強(qiáng)烈的抗腫瘤作用。

在實(shí)體瘤方面,CXCR4抑制劑也被證明具有重要的抗癌潛力。有幾項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)正在評(píng)估CXCR4抑制劑對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤患者的臨床益處。另外,一項(xiàng)I/II期試驗(yàn)(NCT01977677)研究表明,普樂沙福Plerixafor抑制CXCL4介導(dǎo)的血管生成,增強(qiáng)了放射治療的效果;一種CXCR4肽拮抗劑(LY2510924)在各種實(shí)體瘤和轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌臨床前模型中顯示出抗腫瘤活性。

CXCR4不僅在腫瘤中扮演關(guān)鍵角色,還與一些免疫疾病(比如,系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡 [24]、風(fēng)濕性相關(guān)疾病 [25]等等),遺傳性疾病WHIM綜合征 [26],以及病毒疾病HIV [27]有密切關(guān)系。另有報(bào)道指出,CXCR4在胚胎發(fā)育過程中,介導(dǎo)受損視神經(jīng)的軸突再生,或?yàn)橐曈X治療提供新策略 [28]。因此,靶向CXCR4將為多種疾病的藥物開發(fā)帶來新辦法,尤其在血液腫瘤以及實(shí)體瘤的免疫治療方面。

CXCR4的臨床應(yīng)用前景

目前,以CXCR4為靶向的研究正在進(jìn)行中或已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟。除了FDA批準(zhǔn)的CXCR4抑制劑Plerixafor,普樂沙福,用于血液惡性腫瘤。近年來,伴隨著對(duì)CXCR4功能機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),已經(jīng)探索出了多種CXCR4靶向抑制劑(如下表),例如,國(guó)內(nèi)已獲批臨床的Motixafortide,目前處于臨床III期,用于治療局部晚期或轉(zhuǎn)移性三陰性乳腺癌;同樣處于臨床III期階段的Mavorixafor,作用造血干細(xì)胞動(dòng)員用于多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者自體骨髓移植,計(jì)劃于今年上半年遞交NDA,有望成為全球第二款CXCR4靶向藥。相信很快,針對(duì)CXCR4受體的治療方法,將為癌癥等多種疾病的療法提供新的突破。

藥物名稱 最高研發(fā)狀態(tài) 公司 作用機(jī)制 治療領(lǐng)域/適應(yīng)癥
Plerixafor(普樂沙福) 2008年,F(xiàn)DA批準(zhǔn)上市
2018年,NMPA批準(zhǔn)上市
美國(guó)健贊公司;Genzyme Europe Bv;Magenta Therapeutics Inc;賽諾菲 CXCR4拮抗劑 多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;非霍奇金淋巴瘤;造血干細(xì)胞移植;淋巴瘤;骨髓增生異常綜合征急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病急性髓細(xì)胞樣白血?。换羝娼鸩÷粤馨图?xì)胞白血?。宦运杓?xì)胞白血??;腦停;神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤;尤因肉瘤:器官移植排斥;胃臟疾病
Mavorixafor 臨床三期 上海和置生物醫(yī)藥科技有限公:Abbisko Therapeutics CoLtd;Mayne Pharma Inc;X4 Pharmaceuticals CXCR4拮抗劑 WHIM綜合征;三陰性乳腺腫瘤:腎細(xì)胞癌;中性粒細(xì)胞減少;華氏巨球蛋白血癥黑色素瘤;HIV感染
Balixafortide 臨床三期 Polyphor Ltd CXCR4拮抗劑 乳腺德;多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;骨髓增生性疾病;骨髓增生異常綜合征;急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血??;急性髓細(xì)胞樣白血?。宦粤馨图?xì)胞白血??;慢性隨細(xì)胞白血病
NRP-2945 臨床二期 Neuren Pharmaceuticals CXCR4調(diào)節(jié)劑 癲癇
[68Ga]Pentixafor 臨床二期 PentixaPharm GmbH;The University Of lowa CXCR4拮抗劑 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤;神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌瘤:診斷劑
PTX-9908 臨床二期 北京邁康斯德醫(yī)藥技術(shù)有限公司;Pertinax Therapeutics;泰宗生物科技股份有限公司 CXCR4調(diào)節(jié)劑 肝癌;肝細(xì)胞癌
MSX-122 臨床二期 Altiris Therapeutics:Que Oncology CXCR4拮抗劑 血管舒縮癥;熱潮紅:實(shí)體
Ulocuplumab 臨床二期 百時(shí)美施貴寶 CXCR4拮抗劑 小細(xì)胞肺癌;胰腺癌;多發(fā)性骨瘤;急性髓細(xì)胞樣白血病:白血病實(shí)體瘤;淋巴細(xì)胞白血??;濾泡中心淋巴宿:慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病
Motixafortide 臨床二期 Biolinerx Ltd;F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ag CXCR4拮抗劑 非小細(xì)胞肺癌;食道癌:胰腺癌;骨隨增生異常綜合征:再生障礙性貧血;急性細(xì)胞樣白血??;多發(fā)性骨隨瘤
JVS-100 臨床二期 Cleveland Clinic;Juventas Therapeutics;Sironrx Therapeutics 白細(xì)胞刺激劑;CXCR4刺激劑;基因轉(zhuǎn)移;細(xì)胞凋亡抑制劑;血管生成誘導(dǎo)劑 缺血;外周動(dòng)脈疾?。恍呐K衰竭
LY-2510924 臨床二期 禮來制藥 CXCR4拮抗劑 腎細(xì)胞癌小細(xì)胞肺癌;實(shí)體瘤
AD-214 臨床一期 AdaltaLtd;Addpharma Inc CXCR4拮抗劑 間質(zhì)性肺疾?。晃甘彻芊戳鞑?/td>
CXCR4 modified anti-BCMA CAR T celltherapy (SichuanUniversity) 臨床一期 四川大學(xué) Anti-BCMA(抗BCMA) 多發(fā)性骨髓瘤
Anti-CD4CART-celltherapy (University ofPennsylvania) 臨床一期 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué) CD4調(diào)節(jié)劑 HIV感染
GMI-1359 臨床一期 Glycomimetics Inc CXCR4拮抗劑 乳腺癌;轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌
MLB-1707 臨床申請(qǐng) 主流源生物科技(上海)有限公司 CXCR4抗劑 三陰性乳腺腫瘤
MLB-010 臨床前 主流源生物科技(上海)有限公司 CXCR4拮抗劑 腫瘤
MLB-014 臨床前 主流源生物科技(上海)有限公司 CXCR4拮抗劑 白血病
MLB-1807 臨床前 主流源生物科技(上海)有限公司 CXCR4拮抗劑 腫瘤
X4P-002 臨床前 X4 Pharmaceuticals CXCR4拮抗劑 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤
GP-01CR11 臨床前 GPCR Therapeutics USA Inc CXCR4拮抗劑 腫瘤
GP-01CR21 臨床前 GPCR Therapeutics USA Inc CXCR4拮抗劑 腫瘤

數(shù)據(jù)來自:藥渡

為鼎力協(xié)助各藥企針對(duì)CXCR4在腫瘤、造血干細(xì)胞動(dòng)員、HIV、自身免疫性等疾病在臨床中的研究,CUSABIO推出CXCR4活性蛋白產(chǎn)品(Code: CSB-MP006254HU(F1),助力您在CXCR4機(jī)制方面的研究或其潛在臨床價(jià)值的探索。

Recombinant Human C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-VLPs (Active)

High Specificity Validated by Western Blot (WB)

CSB-MP006254HU(F1) is detected by Mouse anti-6*His monoclonal antibody.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA

Immobilized Human CXCR4 at 10 μg/ml can bind Anti-CXCR4 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA006254MA01HU), the EC50 is 101.7-253.6 ng/mL.

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