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世界糖尿病日：糖尿病與福祉

世界糖尿病日

每年的11月14日是世界糖尿病日（World Diabetes Day，WDD），由國際糖尿病聯(lián)合會（IDF）和世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）于1991年共同發(fā)起，旨在提高公眾對糖尿病的認(rèn)識和防范意識。這個日子也是為了紀(jì)念胰島素發(fā)現(xiàn)者之一，弗雷德里克·班廷（Sir Frederick Banting）的生日。

2024年世界糖尿病日的主題是“糖尿病與福祉”（Diabetes and Well-being），強(qiáng)調(diào)糖尿病護(hù)理應(yīng)關(guān)注患者的整體福祉，而不僅僅是血糖水平，旨在提高人們對糖尿病患者日常生活中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)的認(rèn)識，并鼓勵采取全面的方法來改善糖尿病患者的生活質(zhì)量。

1. 什么是糖尿病?

糖尿病是一種由胰島素絕對或相對分泌不足以及利用障礙引發(fā)的，以高血糖為標(biāo)志的慢性疾病?？煞譃樗姆N類型：

  • 1型糖尿?。?/b>型糖尿病（Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus，簡稱T1DM）是一種慢性代謝內(nèi)分泌疾病，其特征是由于胰腺β細(xì)胞被破壞導(dǎo)致胰島素絕對缺乏。這種破壞通常是由免疫介導(dǎo)機(jī)制引起的，即身體的免疫系統(tǒng)錯誤地攻擊并破壞了產(chǎn)生胰島素的胰腺β細(xì)胞。因此，患者無法自行產(chǎn)生足夠的胰島素來維持正常的血糖水平。（了解更多信息請點擊：自身免疫疾病系列：1型糖尿病）
  • 2型糖尿?。?/b>2型糖尿病（Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, T2DM）是最常見的糖尿病類型，約占所有糖尿病病例的90%至95%。與1型糖尿病不同，2型糖尿病主要是由于身體對胰島素的使用效率下降（胰島素抵抗）以及胰島β細(xì)胞功能逐漸減弱所導(dǎo)致的胰島素分泌不足共同作用的結(jié)果。可能的發(fā)病因素包括但不限于：遺傳、生活方式、年齡、種族或民族背景等。
  • 特殊類型糖尿?。?/b>特殊類型糖尿病是指除1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病及妊娠期糖尿病以外的所有病因引起的糖尿病。根據(jù)病因?qū)W分類，特殊類型糖尿病可以分為多個亞類，包括胰島β細(xì)胞功能單基因缺陷、胰源性糖尿病、藥物或化學(xué)品所致糖尿病、內(nèi)分泌疾病、胰島素作用單基因缺陷、其他與糖尿病相關(guān)的遺傳綜合征、感染和不常見的免疫介導(dǎo)性糖尿病等。其中，胰島β細(xì)胞功能單基因缺陷和胰源性糖尿病是較為常見的亞類。
  • 妊娠期糖尿?。?/b>妊娠期糖尿?。℅DM）是指在妊娠期間首次發(fā)現(xiàn)或診斷的糖耐量異常，這種情況通常發(fā)生在妊娠的任何階段，但大多數(shù)情況下是在妊娠的第二或第三孕期被診斷出來。GDM的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制是胰島素抵抗，這可能是由于遺傳因素、肥胖、不良的飲食習(xí)慣和生活方式等多種因素引起的。此外，妊娠本身也會增加胰島素的需求，從而可能導(dǎo)致血糖控制不良。GDM對母嬰健康都有嚴(yán)重影響。對母親而言，GDM可能增加妊娠高血壓、羊水過多、巨大兒、早產(chǎn)、難產(chǎn)及剖宮產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險。對新生兒而言，GDM可能導(dǎo)致新生兒低血糖、呼吸困難和其他代謝問題。 此外，患有GDM的女性在產(chǎn)后發(fā)展為2型糖尿病的風(fēng)險也較高。

2. 糖尿病的最新研究進(jìn)展

目前，科學(xué)家們在糖尿病研究領(lǐng)域取得了一系列重要進(jìn)展，涵蓋了從控血糖藥物、胰島素療法到創(chuàng)新的糖尿病管理設(shè)備，以及一些潛在的療法，比如免疫治療和β細(xì)胞的再生等。以下是一些最新的研究動態(tài)：

  • 藥物研究進(jìn)展

    SGLT2抑制劑和GLP-1受體激動劑等新型降糖藥物已被證實能有效降低血糖，并減少2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的心血管并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險。美國糖尿病協(xié)會（ADA）在2024年的診療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了這些藥物的重要性 [1]。例如，貝格列凈等新藥物在改善成人2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制方面表現(xiàn)出色，并在肥胖癥、心血管風(fēng)險相關(guān)疾病及糖尿病腎病等方面展現(xiàn)出潛在應(yīng)用價值。

    此外,研究者們正在開發(fā)更有效的胰島素制劑，如長效和短效胰島素，以更好地模擬自然胰島素的分泌模式，幫助患者更有效地控制血糖水平。

  • 疾病分型與個體化治療

    研究者已識別出2型糖尿病的不同亞型，包括嚴(yán)重胰島素缺乏型糖尿?。⊿IDD）、嚴(yán)重胰島素抵抗型糖尿?。⊿IRD）、輕度肥胖相關(guān)型糖尿?。∕OD）和輕度年齡相關(guān)型糖尿?。∕ARD）。這些亞型的識別為個體化治療策略提供了科學(xué)依據(jù) [2]。

  • 早期診斷與篩查

    早期診斷和篩查胰島自身抗體是1型糖尿病早期診斷研究的重要方向，有助于實現(xiàn)更早的診斷和干預(yù) [3]。連續(xù)血糖監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)（CGM）和自動胰島素輸送系統(tǒng)等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用正在改變1型糖尿病的管理方式，提高了患者的自我管理能力和治療依從性 [4]。新型持續(xù)血糖監(jiān)測儀（CGM）和智能胰島素泵等設(shè)備可以實時監(jiān)測血糖變化并自動調(diào)節(jié)胰島素的輸送，為患者提供了更加便捷和高效的管理工具。

  • 其他研究進(jìn)展

    最新的研究顯示，非內(nèi)分泌組織可以被重新編程，以響應(yīng)血糖的變化，而無需使用胰島素，為糖尿病的治療提供了新的可能性?；蚪M學(xué)的進(jìn)展使我們對β細(xì)胞功能有了更深入的理解，有助于識別糖尿病的易感基因，推動個性化醫(yī)療的發(fā)展。通過分析個體的血脂譜，可以評估其糖尿病風(fēng)險，并制定相應(yīng)的預(yù)防和治療策略。

3. 華美生物糖尿病研究相關(guān)產(chǎn)品

為協(xié)助您更好研究糖尿病相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物、信號通路，理解糖尿病的發(fā)病機(jī)制、評估疾病的進(jìn)展情況以及開發(fā)新的治療方法，華美生物特地整理了在糖尿病研究中常用的蛋白、抗體及ELISA試劑盒，靶點包括但不限于胰島素（INS）及其受體（INSR）、胰島β細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物（GLUT2、PDX1等）、炎癥標(biāo)志物（TNF-α、IL-6、CRP等）、氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物（8-OHdG、MDA）及胰島素信號通路相關(guān)分子（IRS1/2）。

● 糖尿病研究熱門靶點

● 糖尿病研究相關(guān)重組蛋白

CSB-MP009438HU1d7 Activity Verified

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human GIPR at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-GIPR recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009438MA1HU)，the EC50 16.18-18.70 ng/mL.

CSB-MP009514HUb1 Activity Verified

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human GLP1R at 2 μg/mL can bind Anti-GLP1R recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009514MA1HU), the EC50 is 54.54-94.23 ng/mL.

CSB-YP011664HU Activity Verified

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human IL6 at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-IL6 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA011664MA1HU)，the EC50 is 35.80-41.82 ng/mL.

CSB-YP023955HU Activity Verified

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human TNF at 5 μg/ml can bind Human TNFR2 protein (CSB-MP023978HU2). The EC50 is 3.470-4.107 ng/mL.

Target Product Name Source Tag Info Product Code
ADIPOQ Recombinant Bovine Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) E.coli N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged CSB-EP661101BO
Adipoq Recombinant Mouse Adiponectin (Adipoq) E.coli N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-EP723362MO
Adipoq Recombinant Mouse Adiponectin (Adipoq), partial E.coli N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-RP079474m
ADIPOQ Recombinant Bovine Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) Yeast N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-YP661101BO
ADIPOQ Recombinant Horse Adiponectin D (ADIPOQ), partial E.coli Tag-Free CSB-EP4093HO
AKT1 Recombinant Human RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) E.coli N-terminal GST-tagged CSB-EP001553HU
Akt1 Recombinant Rat RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt1) E.coli N-terminal 10xHis-tagged CSB-EP001553RA
Alb Recombinant Mouse Serum albumin (Alb) Baculovirus C-terminal 9xHis-tagged CSB-BP001561MO
ALB Recombinant Dog Serum albumin (ALB) E.coli N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-EP001561DO
ALB Recombinant Macaca fascicularis albumin (ALB) E.coli N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged CSB-EP001561MOV
ALB Recombinant Macaca fascicularis albumin (ALB) Mammalian cell N-terminal 6xHis-Myc-tagged CSB-MP001561MOV
ALB Recombinant Dog Serum albumin (ALB) Yeast N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-YP001561DO
Alb Recombinant Mouse Albumin (Alb) Yeast N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-YP001561MO
ALB Recombinant Macaca fascicularis albumin (ALB) Yeast N-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-YP001561MOV
ALB Recombinant Bovine Serum albumin (ALB) Yeast C-terminal 6xHis-Myc-tagged CSB-YP001561BO
ALB Recombinant Bos taurus Albumin (ALB) Baculovirus C-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-BP001561BO
Alb Recombinant Rat Serum albumin (Alb), Biotinylated E.coli N-terminal MBP-tagged and C-terminal 6xHis-Avi-tagged CSB-EP001561RA-B
ALB Recombinant Chicken Serum albumin (ALB), partial Yeast C-terminal 6xHis-tagged CSB-YP001561CH
ALB Recombinant Chicken Albumin (ALB), partial E.coli N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged CSB-EP001561CH
Alb Recombinant Rat Serum albumin (Alb) E.coli N-terminal 6xHis-tagged and C-terminal Avi-tagged CSB-EP001561RA

● 糖尿病研究相關(guān)抗體

Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA001553A473phHU
CSB-RA001553A473phHU IF

Tested Applications:
ELISA, WB, IHC, IF, IP

SLC2A2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA438622A0HU
CSB-RA438622A0HU FC

Tested Applications:
ELISA, IHC, IF, FC

CRP Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-MA027411E0m
CSB-MA027411E0m IHC

Tested Applications:
ELISA, IHC

DPP4 Antibody
CSB-PA06229A0Rb
CSB-PA06229A0Rb WB

Tested Applications:
ELISA, WB, IHC, IF

- 重組抗體

Target Product Name Species Reactivity Tested Applications Code
AKT1 Phospho-AKT1 (T450) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, WB CSB-RA001553A450phHU
AKT1 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, WB, IHC, IF, IP CSB-RA001553A473phHU
AKT1 AKT1 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB, IHC, IF CSB-RA917625A0HU
ALB ALB Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, FC CSB-RA264109A0HU
CRP CRP Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IHC CSB-RA988767A0HU
DPP4 DPP4 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IHC CSB-RA927191A0HU
GCG GCG Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA CSB-RA009315A0HU
Gipr Gipr Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Mouse, Rat ELISA CSB-RA009438MA1MO
GIPR GIPR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, WB CSB-RA009438MA2HU
GIPR GIPR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human, Macaca fascicularis ELISA CSB-RA009438MA1HU
GLP1R GLP1R Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA CSB-RA009514MA1HU
IL6 IL6 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA CSB-RA011664MA1HU
INS INS Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IHC CSB-RA584163A0HU
INSR INSR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IF CSB-RA155156A0HU
SLC2A2 SLC2A2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IHC, IF, FC CSB-RA438622A0HU

- 單克隆抗體

Target Product Name Species Reactivity Tested Applications Code
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA CSB-MA079461A0m
AKT1 AKT1 Monoclonal Antibody Human,Mouse,Pig,Rat ELISA, WB CSB-MA011037
ALB ALB Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-MA076752
CRP CRP Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IHC CSB-MA027411E0m
GCG GCG Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, IHC CSB-MA935920
IL1B IL1B Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA CSB-MA065741A0m
IL1B IL1B Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, WB, IHC, ICC CSB-MA010884
IL6 IL6 Monoclonal Antibody Human ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-MA067571A0m
PPARG PPARG Monoclonal Antibody Human,Dog,Pig,Rat,Mouse ELISA, WB, ICC CSB-MA930213
TNF TNF Monoclonal Antibody Bovine ELISA CSB-MA084771A0m
TNF TNF Monoclonal Antibody Human,Mouse,Rat ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-MA080271
TNF TNF Monoclonal Antibody Human,Mouse,Rat ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-MA080272

- 多克隆抗體

Target Product Name Species Reactivity Tested Applications Code
Adipoq Adipoq Antibody Mouse ELISA CSB-PA07946A0Rb
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-PA07956A0Rb
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human ELISA, IHC CSB-PA07957A0Rb
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-PA618019YA01HU
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Bovine ELISA CSB-PA661101LA01BO
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Bovine ELISA, WB CSB-PA661101YA01BO
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human ELISA, WB CSB-PA000014
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB CSB-PA000806
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse ELISA, IHC CSB-PA293186
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse ELISA, WB CSB-PA149289
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse ELISA, WB CSB-PA938581
ADIPOQ ADIPOQ Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB CSB-PA828343
AKT1 AKT1 Antibody Human ELISA, WB, IHC, IF, IP CSB-PA15905A0Rb
AKT1 AKT1 Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB, IHC, IF CSB-PA000852
AKT1 Phospho-AKT1 (S124) Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-PA008118
AKT1 Phospho-AKT1 (T72) Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB, IHC CSB-PA008120
AKT1 AKT1 Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, IHC CSB-PA008122
AKT1 AKT1 Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat WB CSB-PA080256
AKT1 Phospho-AKT1 (S129) Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB CSB-PA000645
AKT1 Phospho-AKT1 (T308) Antibody Human, Mouse, Rat ELISA, WB CSB-PA000657

● 糖尿病研究相關(guān)ELISA試劑盒

CSB-E11987r 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線

Rat TNF-α ELISA kit
CSB-E11987r

460篇文獻(xiàn)引用

CSB-E04640r 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線

Rat IL-6 ELISA KIT
CSB-E04640r

339篇文獻(xiàn)引用

CSB-E08055r 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線

Rat IL-1β ELISA Kit
CSB-E08055r

267篇文獻(xiàn)引用

CSB-E05071m 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線

Mouse INS ELISA Kit
CSB-E05071m

115篇文獻(xiàn)引用

Target Product Name Sample Types Detection Range Code
ADIPOQ Bovine adiponectin,ADP ELISA Kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 3.125 μg/mL-50 μg/mL CSB-E14054B
ADIPOQ Sheep adiponectin (ADIPOQ)ELISA kit serum, plasma 6.25 ng/mL-100 ng/mL CSB-EL001366SH
ADIPOQ Hamster adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing (ADIPOQ)ELISA kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.469 ng/mL-30 ng/mL CSB-EL001366HA
AKT1 Human RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase(AKT1) ELISA kit serum, plasma, cell lysates 0.312 ng/mL-20 ng/mL CSB-EL001553HU
ALB Mouse Albumin (Alb)ELISA Kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.781 μg/mL-200 μg/mL CSB-E13878m
ALB Pig Albumin (Alb) ELISA Kit serum, plasma, urine 0.03 μg/mL-7000 μg/mL CSB-E16207p
ALB Goat Albumin (Alb)ELISA Kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.17 μg/mL-350 μg/mL CSB-E15758G
ALB Dog Albumin(Alb) ELISA Kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.273 μg/mL-35 μg/mL CSB-E15757c
ALB Sheep Albumin (Alb)ELISA Kit serum, plasma, cell culture supernates,Urine, Tissue Homogenates 350 μg/mL-21.88 μg/mL CSB-E15839Sh
ALB Bovine Albumin(Alb) ELISA kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.313 μg/mL-80 μg/mL CSB-E08664b
ALB Horse Albumin(Alb) ELISA Kit serum, plasma 1.25 μg/mL-80 μg/mL CSB-E16205Hs
ALB Guinea Pig Albumin(Alb) ELISA kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.156 μg/mL-10 μg/mL CSB-E15765Gp
ALB Rabbit Albumin(Alb) ELISA Kit serum, plasma, urine 0.273 μg/mL-70 μg/mL CSB-E16204Rb
CRP Rat C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates, cell lysates 31.25 ng/mL-2000 ng/mL CSB-E07922r
CRP Mouse C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates 15.6 ng/mL-1000 ng/mL CSB-E07923m
CRP Rabbit C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma 7.8 pg/mL-2000 pg/mL CSB-E06847Rb
CRP Pig C-reactive protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 0.625 ng/mL-40 ng/mL CSB-E08163p
CRP Canine C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma, cell culture supernates 0.312 μg/mL-20 μg/mL CSB-E14262c
CRP Mouse C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma, tissue homogenates 5 ng/mL-4000 ng/mL CSB-E07923m(1)
CRP Bovine C-reactive protein,CRP ELISA Kit serum, plasma 1.25 ng/mL-80 ng/mL CSB-E08577b

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1] Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 2024.

[2] Translating Subphenotypes of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes from Cohort Studies to Electronic Health Records in the United States. medRxiv, 2024.

[3] Islet Autoantibody Levels Differentiate Progression Trajectories in Individuals With Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes, 2022.

[4] Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control. Diabetes Metab J, 2023.